Development, Network Analysis, and Validation of the Ethical–Spiritual Algorithmic Trust Calibration Scale (ES-ATCS): Exploring Teachers' Ethical and Spiritual Trust in AI Integration Within Jordanian Secondary Education
The purpose of this study is to design and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Ethical-Spiritual Algorithmic Trust Calibration Scale (ES-ATCS) among teachers. The primary aim was to develop a reliable and valid instrument to understand how teachers navigate trust, ethical accountability, and...
| Authors: | ; ; ; |
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| Format: | Electronic Article |
| Language: | English |
| Check availability: | HBZ Gateway |
| Interlibrary Loan: | Interlibrary Loan for the Fachinformationsdienste (Specialized Information Services in Germany) |
| Published: |
2026
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| In: |
Journal of religion and health
Year: 2026, Volume: 65, Issue: 1, Pages: 845-874 |
| Further subjects: | B
Trust calibration
B Algorithmic trust B Ethical–spiritual values B Educational Ethics B Teacher attitudes B Artificial intelligence in education |
| Online Access: |
Volltext (lizenzpflichtig) |
| Summary: | The purpose of this study is to design and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Ethical-Spiritual Algorithmic Trust Calibration Scale (ES-ATCS) among teachers. The primary aim was to develop a reliable and valid instrument to understand how teachers navigate trust, ethical accountability, and spiritual coherence when engaging with AI-driven educational technologies. The study was conducted in two main phases. Phase 1 comprised item generation, 12 specialist expert reviews (Lawshe CVR cutoff = 0.56), and pilot testing (n = 35 teachers), which reduced the item pool through CVR/I-CVI filtering and impact-score analyses. Phase 2 involved a cross-sectional sample of 666 teachers, which was randomly split into two halves for EFA and CFA. EFA and exploratory graph analysis suggested a coherent six-factor structure accounting for 63.20% of total variance, with the Spiritual Coherence Perception factor explaining 12.26% of the variance. Iterative CFA supported a final 48-item first- and second-order six-factor model with acceptable fit (RMSEA < .08; CFI, TLI > .90; SRMR < .08) and standardized loadings > .40. Measurement invariance was acceptable across gender and teaching experience. Reliability (Cronbach's α .898-.953, McDonald's ω .848-.953, CR .898-.954) and stability were strong: ICCs ranged from .755 to .853. Convergent (AVE .501-.940) and discriminant validity (Fornell-Larcker) were acceptable. Network EGA identified 43 nodes and 209 edges with six communities; centrality indices identified salient items. The 48-item ES-ATCS is culturally sensitive and psychometrically sound for measuring teachers’ ethical-spiritual trust in AI. |
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| ISSN: | 1573-6571 |
| Contains: | Enthalten in: Journal of religion and health
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| Persistent identifiers: | DOI: 10.1007/s10943-025-02511-3 |
