RT Article T1 Parrēsia beyond Humankind? Exploring the Representation of the Voice of Creation in the Epistle to the Romans JF Journal of early Christian history VO 14 IS 1 SP 1 OP 15 A1 Smit, Peter-Ben 1979- A1 Veerbeek, Iris A2 Veerbeek, Iris LA English YR 2024 UL https://ixtheo.de/Record/1900825813 AB In this article, the notion of parrēsia, freedom of speech, is explored with regard to the voice of (non-human) nature in Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. Instances from chs. 1, 8, and 11 of this letter are discussed in interaction with both the broader discourse on parrēsia and the newer approach of “wild pedagogies” that focuses on allowing nature to speak for itself. The exegetical findings are sobering, as it becomes clear that Paul’s appeals to what can be conceptualised as the “voice of nature” in his letter are to be seen as his representation and rhetorical use of this voice primarily. This result can also serve as a reminder to be careful within the fields of eco-theology and eco-hermeneutics when it comes to appealing to the voice of nature without considering that it is often humans speaking for nature, rather than nature speaking for itself. K1 wild pedagogies K1 Paul K1 parrēsia K1 Nature K1 Hermeneutics K1 Epistle to the Romans K1 Ecology DO 10.1080/2222582X.2023.2254022