RT Article T1 Discrimination and Disidentification: The Fair-Start Defense of Affirmative Action JF Journal of business ethics VO 30 IS 3 SP 277 OP 289 A1 Himma, K. E. LA English YR 2001 UL https://ixtheo.de/Record/1785615645 AB The Fair-Start Defense justifies affirmative action preferences as a response to harms caused by race- and sex-based discrimination. Rather than base a justification for preferences on the traditional appeal to self-esteem, I argue they are justified in virtue of the effects institutional discrimination has on the goals and aspirations of its victims. In particular, I argue that institutional discrimination puts women and blacks at an unfair competitive disadvantage by causing academic disidentification. Affirmative action is justified as a means of negating this unfair disadvantage. K1 Institutional Discrimination K1 Competitive Disadvantage K1 Action Preference K1 Affirmative Action K1 Economic Growth DO 10.1023/A:1006401619357