The Relationship between God’s Gender, Gender System Justification and Sexism

Behavioral scientists and feminist theologians have long theorized that religions that primarily conceptualize God (and other divine authority figures) as male can legitimatize the social and political authority of men in society, as well as legitimatize and rationalize gender inequality. In the cur...

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Bibliographic Details
Authors: Howard, Simon 1960- (Author) ; Kirkman, Mackenzie (Author) ; Oswald, Debra L. (Author)
Format: Electronic Article
Language:English
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Published: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group [2020]
In: The international journal for the psychology of religion
Year: 2020, Volume: 30, Issue: 3, Pages: 216-230
Standardized Subjects / Keyword chains:B Idea of God / Gender / Geschlechtersoziologie / Sexism
IxTheo Classification:AD Sociology of religion; religious policy
AE Psychology of religion
NBC Doctrine of God
ZB Sociology
Online Access: Presumably Free Access
Volltext (Verlag)

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520 |a Behavioral scientists and feminist theologians have long theorized that religions that primarily conceptualize God (and other divine authority figures) as male can legitimatize the social and political authority of men in society, as well as legitimatize and rationalize gender inequality. In the current study, we examined the relationship between gendered God concepts, Gender Specific System Justification and Ambivalent Sexism. In Studies 1 and 2 we found that individuals with male God concepts were higher in Gender Specific System Justification, hostile sexism (Study 1 and 2) and benevolent sexism (Study 2). In Study 3 we explored the causal relationship between gendered God concepts, Gender Specific System Justification and Ambivalent Sexism using a priming manipulation. Results revealed that individuals primed to think about God as male (vs female) were more likely to support the gender status quo. The effects found across all three studies did not differ across participant gender. Both men and women who conceptualized God as male or were primed with a male image of God were higher in Gender Specific System Justification than other gendered conceptualizations of God. Taken together these results suggest that male God concepts may reinforce the gender status quo. Implications, limitations and future research directions are discussed. 
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