RT Article T1 The Precedence Controversy and the Devolution of Ferrara: A Shift in Renaissance Politics JF The sixteenth century journal VO 48 IS 3 SP 681 OP 709 A1 Tristano, Richard LA English PB Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, Inc. YR 2017 UL https://ixtheo.de/Record/1570642788 AB The precedence controversy refers to the dispute between the dukes of Ferrara and the dukes of Florence over who had precedence at ceremonials, especially those held at the papal court, over the last half of the sixteenth century. The controversy has been largely undervalued as the product of mere princely egotism, especially of Alfonso II d'Este and Cosimo I de' Médici, linked to the decline of Italy, especially its small states, and within a process of refeudalization. This article argues that the controversy reveals important aspects of Ferrarese self-identification and reflects significant political shifts in sixteenth-century Italy, especially affecting the early modern small Italian state. The controversy was expressed in a series of key documents that include both validation from the past and a new, modernizing, and loftier self-definition at the Ferrarese court which was in tension with a more aggressive Florentine principality and the Counter-Reformation papacy. K1 16th Century K1 ALFONSO II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Modena & Reggio, 1533-1597 K1 COSIMO I, Grand-Duke of Tuscany, 1519-1574 K1 DEBATES & debating K1 History K1 Papal courts : History K1 RENAISSANCE philosophy K1 RITES & ceremonies